Because the Science of Studying (SoR) features traction throughout states, faculties, and instructor preparation applications, a urgent query has emerged: How effectively does the SoR framework serve multilingual learners (MLs)? The Studying League (2021, para. 1) defines the SoR as “an unlimited, interdisciplinary physique of scientifically-based analysis about studying and points associated to studying and writing,” drawing from fields equivalent to cognitive psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and schooling. Proponents champion its research-based foundations and its potential to enhance studying outcomes by means of specific, systematic instruction. For a lot of educators, the SoR has offered much-needed readability, construction, and a corrective to years of inconsistent literacy practices. Success tales—such because the broadly cited Mississippi Miracle—provide compelling proof of its affect (PBS NewsHour, 2023).
On the similar time, issues have grown that widespread interpretations of the SoR overlook the linguistic and cultural realities of multilingual learners (MLs). Many insurance policies lean on monolingual norms, lacking the distinct wants of MLs buying literacy in one other language. The friction, nonetheless, typically stems not from the analysis itself however from how it’s translated into observe—often by means of deficit-based assumptions about multilingualism. MLs have lengthy been considered by means of a remedial lens, reasonably than acknowledged for the linguistic and cultural sources they convey. Encouragingly, a rising variety of initiatives—such because the READ Act Reauthorization of 2023, the Golden State Literacy Plan (2025), and Colorado’s Dyslexia Screening and READ Act Necessities—mark a shift towards extra inclusive literacy coverage.
We write to district leaders, classroom educators, researchers, and policymakers alike—as a result of advancing fairness in literacy requires a shared duty. Collectively, we characterize Okay–12 educators, district leaders, and better schooling college, every with intensive expertise supporting MLs in diversified instructional contexts. The tensions explored on this article draw from every of our views, and the options are each structural and educational.
This text strikes past binary views that separate the SoR from ML instruction. We look at the place the SoR aligns with ML wants, the place it requires considerate adaptation, and the way literacy instruction can higher replicate the cultural and linguistic variety of at the moment’s school rooms. We establish persistent misunderstandings, spotlight key tensions, and provide research-informed options for a extra equitable literacy future. We start with a vital examination of the SoR proof base itself—asking: Who was included within the analysis, and what can ML applications achieve from it?
Widespread Assumption: The Science of Studying Analysis Absolutely Represents All Learners
The SoR is usually introduced as a settled physique of data. But its empirical base largely stems from analysis on monolingual, English-speaking youngsters. This presents a vital pressure: MLs—a rising section of US college students—are underrepresented within the foundational research shaping SoR-aligned coverage and observe. Influential analysis often cited in SoR literature, such because the Nationwide Studying Panel’s Instructing Kids to Learn (2000) and Shaywitz’s Connecticut Longitudinal Research (1990 onward), gives restricted consideration to MLs and fails to make clear the slim generalizability of their findings. Framing these research as universally relevant perpetuates a fable of inclusivity that overlooks the realities of at the moment’s school rooms.
Why is that this level of pressure vital?
This omission just isn’t merely tutorial—it carries actual classroom penalties. Frameworks and assessments designed for monolinguals, when utilized with out adaptation, threat misinterpreting MLs’ strengths. For instance, whereas phonological consciousness and decoding are key SoR parts, their growth might comply with completely different trajectories for MLs. College students might reveal literacy expertise of their residence language(s) or use cross-linguistic methods that don’t align with English-only efficiency benchmarks. With out understanding how cross-linguistic switch or diversified publicity form studying, educators might mistake variations for deficits.
Shining a Mild
A rising physique of analysis in utilized linguistics and bilingual schooling gives key insights. Students equivalent to Geva and Siegel (2000) and Koda (2007) present that phonological and literacy expertise can switch throughout languages, relying on linguistic and orthographic distance. García (2009) argues that translanguaging is a strategic instrument, not an impediment to studying. Although a lot of this work is qualitative or literature-based, it stays foundational. Syntheses like “Growing Literacy in Second Language Learners” (August and Shanahan, 2006; 2023) affirm that whereas core studying parts matter, they don’t seem to be adequate. The Council of the Nice Metropolis Faculties’ Framework for Foundational Literacy Expertise Instruction for ELs (2023) requires extra large-scale, longitudinal, and mixed-method research that focus particularly on MLs. Oral language, sociocultural context, and learner variation should even be addressed.
The Name to Motion
- The analysis base should evolve. We urge researchers, policymakers, and educators to:
- Conduct large-scale, interdisciplinary research that heart MLs and replicate classroom variety;
- Combine analysis linking studying parts with oral language, sociocultural context, and cross-linguistic switch;
- Guarantee MLs obtain literacy instruction grounded within the 5 core parts of studying—delivered in ways in which honor their full linguistic repertoires.
Level of Stress: Science of Studying Reforms Can Overlook the Foundations of ML Instruction
This disconnect between analysis and actual school rooms is additional compounded by how SoR reforms are translated into coverage and observe—typically overlooking foundational rules of ML instruction. Throughout districts, ML academics are evaluating how new literacy reforms align with—or inadvertently undermine—core rules of language growth. Issues have emerged round one-size-fits-all fashions that neglect the distinctive wants of MLs, narrowing studying experiences and sidelining asset-based approaches. Additionally troubling is the underrepresentation of ML academics’ experience in SoR-aligned decision-making.
This factors to a essential dialog—not about whether or not SoR and ML educational approaches are suitable, however how they are often aligned meaningfully. MLs deserve equitable, evidence-aligned literacy instruction. But issues come up when inflexible mandates overlook linguistic variety. Typically, the stress stems much less from SoR itself and extra from gaps between concept, skilled growth, curriculum, and observe—particularly round ML instruction.
Why is that this level of pressure vital?
Skepticism round SoR is usually rooted in two points: how it’s operationalized and the way it might marginalize MLs and their academics. In many faculties, SoR is launched narrowly—centered on foundational expertise like phonics and decoding—whereas underemphasizing oral language, comprehension, and culturally responsive pedagogy. This will go away educators torn between mandates and college students’ wants—notably when ML requirements are missed and the experience of ML academics is underutilized.
Shining a Mild
This problem factors to a possibility. Whereas educators are important to instruction, they’re typically excluded from planning. When SoR is known not as a phonics-only script however as a broad, research-based framework, it might align with ML priorities. This requires inclusive management and guarded time for instructor collaboration.
The Name to Motion
We name for deeper alignment between SoR and ML instruction by:
- Recognizing ML instruction as its personal self-discipline with distinctive requirements;
- Valuing ML academics in literacy planning;
- Widening the SoR lens in help of inclusive, asset-based practices.
Widespread Concern: Language Comprehension Is Underemphasized in SoR Implementation
As SoR-aligned practices are carried out, ELA courses may even see an elevated emphasis on phrase recognition, leaving educators questioning if SoR meets the language wants of MLs. Rising concern has emerged that present interpretations of the SoR give disproportionate consideration to foundational expertise—equivalent to phonics and phonemic consciousness—whereas underemphasizing language comprehension. This imbalance is very consequential for MLs, for whom oral language growth, background data, and tutorial vocabulary are vital to studying success.
Why is that this level of pressure vital?
Districts typically undertake scripted curricula prioritizing foundational expertise to make sure equitable Tier 1 instruction. Whereas some provide supplemental methods for MLs, few heart on their distinctive wants. In the meantime, ML educational requirements typically omit specific foundational expertise. Whereas phonological consciousness and decoding are important, they have to not eclipse broader dimensions of Scarborough’s Studying Rope (2001)—equivalent to vocabulary and background data.
Shining a Mild
Phonics is important—however it is just one of many 5 foundational pillars recognized in SoR. When initiatives slim SoR to phonics alone—particularly by way of scripted applications—they marginalize methods vital for ML success. August and Shanahan (2023) underscore this of their overview: “It isn’t sufficient to show language-minority college students studying expertise alone. Intensive oral English growth have to be integrated into profitable literacy instruction” (p. 10).
Foundational fashions—Chall’s (1996) phases of studying and Scarborough’s Studying Rope (2001)—emphasize that decoding is just one a part of expert studying. Cavazos and Goldenberg’s (2024) mannequin (see under) highlights how oral language helps all parts of the rope.
Thus, SoR-aligned instruction should combine each phrase recognition and language comprehension. An entire imaginative and prescient of literacy makes area for each code- and meaning-focused approaches to work in tandem.
The Name to Motion
To higher serve MLs, we urge educators to:
- Construct background data and vocabulary by means of related texts tied to college students’ experiences and languages;
- Align vocabulary with unit themes throughout languages;
- Combine cross-linguistic phonemic consciousness to help each decoding and comprehension.
Level of Stress: The Position of House Language in SoR-Aligned Instruction Is Typically Ignored
Language comprehension is important—however how is residence language valued in SoR? Whereas SoR promotes evidence-based studying practices, its dominant analysis base and implementation plans have typically developed with out adequately contemplating MLs or the linguistic property they convey—particularly their residence languages. Consequently, many educators specific concern that residence languages are usually not solely undervalued however actively excluded from SoR-aligned studying frameworks.
Why is that this level of pressure vital?
Though federal paperwork—equivalent to these from the Workplace of English Language Acquisition (OELA, 2025)—affirm the worth of scholars’ residence languages, this recognition is usually absent from state laws and curricular steering. This omission raises vital issues round fairness and linguistic justice. Many basic schooling and ML specialists lack preparation in the way to combine residence languages to help cross-linguistic switch. The restricted analysis base disaggregated for MLs additional compounds the problem (Noguerón-Liu, 2020), leaving few fashions for incorporating residence language use into SoR-aligned instruction.
Shining a Mild
Regardless of these issues, there’s a rising recognition of the function residence languages play in literacy growth. A 2023 joint assertion by The Studying League and the Nationwide Committee for Efficient Literacy describes MLs’ residence languages as “an asset that ought to be valued and nurtured… [to] leverage second language acquisition and second language literacy growth” (p. 6). Tutorial practices that assist college students join their residence languages and English are explicitly inspired (The Studying League, 2023).
The Name to Motion
To construct a extra inclusive imaginative and prescient of evidence-based literacy, we should:
- Use language switch charts to help cross-linguistic connections;
- Create structured alternatives for residence language use;
- Find out about college students’ linguistic and cultural backgrounds to tell instruction.
Persistent Assumption: Foundational Studying Instruction Falls Outdoors the Scope of ML Instructing
These educational gaps increase vital questions on roles: If classroom academics give attention to foundational expertise, what’s the function of ML educators on this panorama? Some educators view the decision for ML applications to show foundational studying expertise—like phonics and decoding—as exterior of the scope of their function. Dr. Tim Boals, co-founder of WIDA, clarifies that ACCESS for ELLs “doesn’t measure multilingual learners’ studying expertise within the content material space of language arts, however reasonably their language proficiency to interact with studying supplies throughout all content material areas” (Boals, 2024, para. 4). This has led some to imagine ML academics ought to focus solely on language entry, not foundational studying instruction. However how does that play out in observe?
Why is that this level of pressure vital?
Within the early grades, classroom academics typically deal with phonics whereas ML academics help comprehension. However by third grade and past, if ML instruction continues to emphasise solely language comprehension, who addresses the persistent foundational wants of MLs—particularly when these expertise stay important for studying and testing?
Shining a Mild
Shared duty is each essential and potential. The Georgia Division of Training (2024) affirms that “the duty for educating the entire English learner…is shared by common classroom academics and English language specialist academics alike” (p. 4). Equally, Maryland’s largest district states, “ESOL academics should now put together college students not just for communicative competence however tutorial competence as effectively” (Montgomery County Public Faculties, 2024, p. 2).
The Name to Motion
To align with shifting expectations, we should reposition ML educators as integral to foundational literacy instruction. We urge educators to:
- Replicate on how studying proficiency is assessed and supported for MLs;
- Equip ML academics to handle foundational expertise;
- Reframe the query from “Why should we modify?” to “Who advantages if we do?”
Structural Stress: One-Measurement-Matches-All SoR Implementation Can Battle with Twin Language Targets
These questions develop into much more advanced in twin language settings, the place the purpose is not only English literacy—however biliteracy and bilingualism. Critics of present SoR implementation argue that its framework—grounded largely in monolingual analysis and English-dominant contexts—can unintentionally undermine the targets of twin language (DL) applications. The core pressure stems from a mismatch in goal: SoR is usually utilized by means of an English-only lens, whereas DL applications intention to domesticate biliteracy, bilingualism, and biculturalism.
Why is that this level of pressure vital?
Many SoR-aligned supplies {and professional} growth efforts provide minimal steering for bilingual or twin language settings. The dominance of English-only assessments, restricted supplies in accomplice languages, and lack of culturally responsive practices pose challenges (García & Kleifgen, 2018). In observe, inflexible SoR fashions can cut back educational time within the accomplice language, threatening college students’ alternatives to develop biliteracy and linguistic fairness.
Shining a Mild
The answer is to not reject structured literacy however to broaden it by means of a multilingual lens.
Systematic, specific instruction ought to honor the linguistic options, orthographic techniques, and developmental pathways distinctive to every language. Efficient biliteracy instruction acknowledges cross-linguistic switch and cognitive interaction. As Johnson, García, and Seltzer (2019) affirm, translanguaging pedagogies and biliteracy frameworks can efficiently coexist with evidence-based instruction–when each are grounded in excessive expectations, linguistic fairness, and intentional design.
The Name to Motion
To make sure SoR helps reasonably than hinders DLI/bilingual schooling, we urge districts and policymakers to:
- Put money into genuine, culturally responsive, and linguistically acceptable supplies—not direct translations of English content material (Grosjean, 2010);
- Develop coordinated biliteracy frameworksthat align scope, sequence, and themes throughout languages (Beeman & Urow, 2013);
- Design evaluation and accountability techniques that heart biliteracy outcomes—not simply English proficiency(Johnson, García, & Seltzer, 2019).
To maneuver the language schooling subject ahead and keep away from the chance of stagnation, the factors of pressure outlined right here have to be acknowledged and addressed straight. There may be energy in transferring past polarizing catchphrases and oversimplified narratives—widespread on all sides of the dialog—and as a substitute, participating in collaborative, evidence-informed inquiry grounded within the lived realities of MLs and people who educate them.
We write to educators, researchers, district leaders, and policymakers alike as a result of advancing fairness in literacy requires shared duty. As a part of that effort, we invite you to discover SoR with MLs, a useful resource hub created by the authors (accessible by way of the hyperlink and/or QR code under). This web site is our collective providing to the sphere—a curated useful resource to assist educators bridge multilingual practices with SoR rules.
Useful resource Hub for Efficient Implementation of SoR with MLs
References
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August, D., & Shanahan, T. (2023). Response to a overview and replace on Growing Literacy in Second-Language Learners: Report of the Nationwide Literacy Panel on Language Minority Kids and Youth. Studying Analysis Quarterly. Advance on-line publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.516
Beeman, Okay., & Urow, C. (2013). Instructing for biliteracy: Strengthening bridges between languages. Caslon Publishing.
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Johnson, S. I., García, O., & Seltzer, Okay. (2019). Los Círculos: Redesigning literacy evaluation by means of translanguaging. CUNY-NYSIEB. https://ofeliagarciadotorg.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/johnson-garcia-seltzer-2019.pdf
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Dr. Jennifer Pendergrass-Bennefield is coordinator of ESOL, Title III, and literacy laws, Floyd County Faculties, Georgia.
Dr. David L. Chiesa is medical assistant professor, the College of Georgia, Language and Literacy Division.
Dr. Rebecca Raab is assistant professor and Elementary Training Program chair, Columbia Faculty, South Carolina.
Rachel Hawthorne is senior multilingual literacy specialist, Actually Nice Studying.
Susan Mann is literacy coach, Rome Metropolis Faculties, Georgia.
Dr. Margaret McKenzie is director of multilingual applications and companies, Atlanta Public Faculties, Georgia.
Courtney Morgan is assistant professor of instructor schooling/director of Elementary Training Program, Brevard Faculty, North Carolina.
Kristin Rush is ELA interventionist, Floyd County Faculties, Georgia.
