MAHA’s “Handpicked” Biosecurity Veteran
Because the Trump administration has spent its first few months in The White Home establishing the bodily and digital infrastructure required for a pre-crime, technocratic police state, little consideration has been paid to the methods wherein the establishments ostensibly devoted to “public well being” are serving to construct out this digital management grid. As Limitless Hangout has been reporting for a few years now, within the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a distinguished subgroup of the surveillance state has emerged on the intersection of Large Tech, Large Pharma and the navy industrial advanced — one that’s laying the groundwork to implement the ultimate frontier of mass surveillance: the bio-surveillance equipment.
Throughout his first time period, Trump carried out the infamous Operation Warp Pace, the Pentagon-ran COVID-19 response plan which issued emergency deregulatory measures and large funding for the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Now, his second administration has efficiently managed to change into related to COVID-era dissidence. This was primarily achieved by way of Trump efficiently securing the endorsements of figures who have been skeptical of the official line on COVID-19, most prominently comic and podcaster Joe Rogan and longtime environmental litigator and founding father of Youngsters’s Well being Protection, Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Since taking workplace, nevertheless, the second Trump administration has constantly contradicted this unofficial dedication to the spirit of COVID-era dissent and public well being institutional overhaul. Simply final week, the President touted Operation Warp Pace as one of many “most unbelievable issues ever executed on this nation.” The week earlier than, he introduced an initiative to allow the huge sharing of people’ well being information throughout a myriad of “well being techniques and apps,” in partnership with Pentagon-contracting Large Tech firms. Extra quietly, nevertheless, Trump nominated a seasoned official of the biosecurity equipment named Susan Monarez to be the Director of the Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention (CDC). Monarez, whose background is completely consistent with this technocratic method to healthcare that the administration has launched into, was “handpicked” by Kennedy after the earlier nominee, Dave Weldon, withdrew his nomination in March. Monarez had been appearing director of the CDC for a number of months and was confirmed on the finish of July with little fanfare.
Susan Monarez is a biosecurity veteran who has an extended historical past embedded in what could possibly be described as a grey zone of public governance — one the place nationwide safety merges with healthcare. These connections and her life’s work recommend that Monarez is a great tool, knowingly or not, of the biosecurity/surveillance equipment, a bunch which has helped broaden the sprawling American mass surveillance system beneath the auspices of wellness, psychological well being and innovation.
Whereas an absence of an in depth digital footprint makes this precise historical past troublesome to trace down exactly, it’s possible that her entry into the world of militarized science started at Stanford College when she was finishing up her work as a postdoctoral researcher. The Chair of her division notably boasted deep ties to a number of the main figures within the genetic science growth of the latter half of the twentieth century — figures whose analysis was entangled with the eugenics motion of that period and the growing securitization of science that occurred within the midst of the Chilly Battle.
From Stanford, Monarez was catapulted into prestigious positions throughout the home components of DHS, HHS, in addition to the White Home itself. Notably, the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa emerged throughout Monarez’s tenure within the Govt Department, and he or she performed an vital position within the authorities response. That outbreak could have marked one of many first instances that the US commissioned the pre-crime, mass surveillance firm Palantir with conducting biosurveillance throughout a public well being epidemic. It most actually established a major step in the direction of the entire transformation of the US public well being system right into a militarized extension of the surveillance state.
Monarez’s time working in companies such because the Biomedical Superior Analysis and Improvement Authority (BARDA) and the Homeland Safety Superior Analysis Initiatives Company (HSARPA) made Monarez an ideal candidate for the place she maintained till she was most not too long ago nominated to be the director of the CDC: the Deputy Director of the Superior Analysis Initiatives Company for Well being (ARPA-H). From its conception, the HHS-housed ARPA-H was meant to function a “well being” model of the Pentagon’s Protection Superior Analysis Initiatives Company (DARPA).
Monarez’s appointment to the CDC, nevertheless, signifies additional melding of America’s public well being establishments with the nationwide safety state. Whereas it has been kind of given that almost all heads of public well being companies in recent times have to be supportive of technocratic biotechnology measures, Monarez has presided over important initiatives and applications which have deepened the militarization of healthcare. She has additionally been appointed to be the Director of the CDC throughout the context of the ever-increasing integration of the pre-crime firm Palantir, which privatized a lot of the George Bush-era Complete Data Consciousness mass surveillance challenge –– together with its “Bio-surveillance” element — into authorities.
Moreover, her time because the Deputy Director of ARPA-H could foreshadow the form of initiatives she is going to head on the CDC; specifically, the blatant digitization of well being and acceleration of invasive biotechnology aimed toward fracturing the complexity of human biology into observable, consumable and exploitable information factors.
As this text will clarify, Monarez’s tenure in authorities is probably going a direct product of the decades-long militarization of academia. Her stints at BARDA, the Nationwide Safety Council, HSARPA, DHS and most not too long ago ARPA-H are illustrative of the broader technocratic, surveillance-obsessed transformation of public well being that has accelerated for the reason that COVID-19 pandemic. That pattern seems poised to persist beneath the second administration of Donald Trump.
To get a better have a look at how Monarez could have entered this world, it’s value first investigating the connections that the Chair of her division at Stanford, Mark M. Davis,1 has to a number of the industries and ideologues that, over time, have merged to type the biosurveillance state: eugenicists and the oligarchic technocrats who dominate Large Tech. Davis’s connections seize the biosecurity-focused educational surroundings the place the longer term CDC director started her skilled profession in addition to the spooky world of military-linked science she subsequently entered.
Stanford College — The place Academia and Protection Meet
Almost 5 a long time earlier than Monarez attended Stanford’s biology and immunology program, the US navy institution was in a frenzy with its officers making an attempt to determine how they need to reply to the Soviet Union’s profitable launch of its small satellite tv for pc named Sputnik into outer house.
Regardless of its beach-ball dimension, Sputnik injected paranoia into the US, for as Yasha Levine particulars in his e book Surveillance Valley, “[Sputnik] was thrust into orbit by hitching a trip atop the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile. This was each an illustration and a menace. If the Soviet Union may put a satellite tv for pc into house, it may additionally ship a nuclear warhead to only about any spot in the US.”
The American response to this “menace” launched the House Race, and together with it the creation of the Superior Analysis Initiatives Company (ARPA, which later turned DARPA) — the company that pioneered the now distinguished navy technological growth technique of funding universities, personal analysis services and protection contractors to develop tech for the U.S. Armed Forces. Stanford — Monarez’s alma mater — was among the many most distinguished universities that was tapped by ARPA to extend the surveillance energy and navy may of the US empire, tying a minimum of a number of the college’s most consequential analysis to the pursuits of the nationwide safety state. This relationship has endured into the current day.
Mark M. Davis — the Chair of Monarez’s division throughout her time at Stanford, and thus the individual that possible employed Monarez’s different professors — is a determine whose connections show the sprawling darkish facet of big-moneyed militarized science succinctly, and whose background could present perception into how Monarez landed herself within the underbelly of the US public well being system.
Mark M. Davis and Leroy Hood
Mark M. Davis’ mother and father divorced when he was fairly younger. His mom was an architect, however fluctuated between being a stay-at-home mother and dealing. His father was within the Navy throughout WWII, and went on to change into an govt on the Pentagon-contracting Worldwide Enterprise Machines Company (IBM) for many years after his service.
Throughout his teen years, Davis was a barely above common scholar at a under common highschool. He coasted his means by way of this chapter of his life by counting on his pure wits and expansive literary information, usually as a method of avoidingthe studious rigor that might form his later educational profession.
It was in highschool, nevertheless, that his mother gifted him a replica of The Double Helix by legendary geneticist James D. Watson. The autobiographical account of Watson’s discovery of the construction of DNA left a notable impression on a younger Davis, although he could haven’t realized it on the time. Davis later went on to check DNA in 1973 throughout his time pursuing his bachelor’s diploma at John Hopkins College. There, he joined the lab of Michael Beer. Beer was a pioneer of kinds on this terrain as on the time he was making an attempt to sequence DNA—a mission that had but to be achieved.
Certainly, it seems that it was the untreated nature of this topic that allured Davis into the sector, for as he put it: “[Beer] made me notice, as he defined…that this was actually a central difficulty that hadn’t all been sorted out by [James D.] Watson and [Francis H.C.] Crick — which might have [hypothetically] made it historical past and due to this fact not my concern. However [in actuality,] there actually was lots there that was unknown and will have a variety of significance.”
This ultimately led Davis to the lab of Leroy Hood at Caltech. Whereas Beer was a determine on the forefront of DNA analysis, Hood revolutionized the sector in momentous methods which can be nonetheless felt at this time. Most notably, he was accountable for the creation of the automated DNA sequencer, which “confirmed that sequencing information could possibly be collected on to a pc …[and] developed applications to mechanically interpret the information to provide an precise sequence.” Within the years main as much as Hood’s automated DNA sequencer, Davis co-authored a number of research with Hood — together with one with The Double Helix writer James D. Watson.
This computerized, technological invention of Hood’s made the as soon as tenuous and laborious technique of sequencing DNA a extra possible endeavor — which in the end made it doable to launch The Human Genome Mission (HGP), the NIH-funded effort that sought to map your entire human genome.
The Human Genome Mission almost achieved this objective, mapping 92% of the human genome, and went on to closely affect and broaden the sector of biotechnology and predictive drugs — a becoming contribution, given Hood’s Caltech lab was the primary one to “mix biology and engineering, utilizing organic information to find out which applied sciences must be developed so as to clear up particular organic issues.” In truth, a protein sequencer Hood had developed earlier in his profession led to the founding of an organization referred to as Utilized Molecular Genetics and the creation of its blockbuster drug erythropoietin, which simply so occurred to be “the primary biotech product to succeed in $1 billion in gross sales.”
These achievements, accurately or not, are appeared again on with reverence and awe by mainstream accounts — however viewing this period of science by way of rose-tinted glasses disables any onlooker from seeing the darker ideology that quietly rose with, and arguably propelled upward, the research of genetics and biotechnology that was rising presently.
The preliminary name for The Human Genome Mission was first printed in 1986, the identical 12 months that Hood’s automated DNA sequencer was invented, by a German-born geneticist named Walter Bodmer. A serious contributor to the research of inhabitants genetics, Bodmer was elected as a Fellow of the Eugenics Society, rebranded later because the Galton Institute and much more not too long ago rebranded because the Adelphi Genetics Discussion board as of 1961 (p. 971). The group was based with the intention of selling the research and analysis of eugenics — a racist pseudo-science primarily based within the research of how one can greatest prepare human replica to extend the speed of “fascinating” traits inside a inhabitants. That very same 12 months, Bodmer performed his postdoctoral analysis within the lab of Joshua Lederberg at Stanford College (p. 3). Lederberg, the mentor of biodefense pioneer Robert Kadlec, was additionally the previous president of Rockefeller College and served as a key marketing consultant to the Pentagon on problems with organic weapons, amongst different issues.
Bodmer’s connections to the sector of eugenics and nationwide safety notably don’t exist inside a vacuum. As The Human Genome Mission and Hood’s and Davis’s later associations exemplify, the assembly of eugenics and genetic science is definitely indicative of a symbiotic relationship between the 2 fields that has endured into the current day. As Eugenics Society member David Galton famous in his e book, Eugenics: The Way forward for Human Life within the twenty first Century, that The Human Genome Mission, amongst different applied sciences, enabled developments similar to the power of oldsters to artificially choose which genes their baby receives so as to create “designer infants,” and notes that The Human Genome Mission, amongst different developments, have “enormously expanded the scope of eugenics.”2
Certainly, it was James D. Watson — a racist eugenicist and the writer of The Double Helix e book that had impressed Mark M. Davis years earlier than — that the NIH selected to move The Human Genome Mission in 1990. Watson, who holds beliefs similar to the concept that Black folks have genetically inferior intelligence than different races, first encountered Leroy Hood on the Chilly Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1967, which Watson went on to move for sixteen years. Throughout his time at Chilly Spring Harbor, Watson met with Eugenics Society member Bodmer (p. 986), and even co-authored a analysis paper with Mark M. Davis and Leroy Hood.
Watson’s management on the Chilly Spring Harbor Laboratory was fairly appropriate for a eugenicist similar to himself. Almost sixty years earlier than his time there, the eugenicist Charles Davenport turned its director and arrange the Eugenics Document Workplace (ERO). As James Corbett notes in his e book Reportage, Davenport envisioned the ERO as a spot to retailer “a complete registry documenting the ‘pedigree’ of each American…”3
In line with Davenport himself, the Workplace retrieved this information by way of “our quite a few charity organizations, our 42 establishments for the feebleminded, our 115 colleges and houses for the deaf and blind, our 350 hospitals for the insane, our 1,200 refuge houses, our 1,300 prisons, our 1,500 hospitals, and our 2,500 almshouses. Our nice insurance coverage firms and our faculty gymnasiums have tens of hundreds of information of the characters of human bloodlines…”4 Whereas Davenport’s concept had a very racist tinge to it, his goal of scouring establishments for well being information and uniting them right into a single location to be noticed beneath the scrutiny of elite bureaucrats by no means died — certainly it prevails at this time within the halls of ARPA-H, and was labored on by Susan Monarez herself.
That, nevertheless, will likely be mentioned later on this investigation. Within the meantime, allow us to return to Watson, whose authorities work prolonged past the Nationwide Institutes for Well being — particularly involving the Pentagon and organic weapons. President John F. Kennedy, who was a distinguished advocate of technological navy modernization by way of his help of DARPA, had Watson serve on his chemical and organic warfare advisory panel from 1961 to 1964.
In line with the Harvard Crimson, Pulitzer-Prize profitable journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Watson “admitted in an open letter to him that he had spent a substantial amount of time on the panel trying to find a ‘passable incapacitating agent.’” Watson’s time aiding the Pentagon in its organic weapons analysis throughout the Chilly Battle highlights one other ingredient of the revolution going down on the time inside genetic science; the sector’s mutually helpful relationship with the nationwide safety state.
As one former high-level Pentagon official instructed Hersh in his 1968 Chemical and Organic Warfare e book, “There’s a revolution in organic sciences, simply as there was within the bodily sciences within the 1920’s. It [genetics] is analogous to quantum idea. An enormous space of science is in ferment — and it might have navy implications and benefits for us.“5
Additional demonstrative of those converging pursuits was Hood’s subsequent step after Caltech, when he made an enormous transfer to the College of Washington Medical Faculty to discovered the primary cross-disciplinary biology division, the Division of Molecular Biotechnology — a transfer that was financed to the tune of $12 million by none apart from Invoice Gates, notably a longtime Pentagon contractor. Gates funded the challenge as a result of he and Hood shared “a grand imaginative and prescient;” specifically, utilizing pc expertise to learn and manipulate all the “huge genetic encyclopedia…cowl to cowl, three billion nucleotides lengthy: The Human Genome Mission” (emphasis added).
Gates’ funding is especially value nothing as a result of he additionally has connections to the eugenics motion, although they is probably not as outwardly apparent as Watson and Eugenics Society member Bodmer. The Gates Basis has a historical past of investing in initiatives similar to international “household planning” initiatives targeted on delivering low- and middle-income international locations contraception, at instances together with the Rockefeller Basis. Eerily, earlier than World Battle II, the Rockefellers have been a few of the most distinguished funders of eugenics analysis, even funding departments that (albeit after the recognized time interval of Rockefeller-funding) employed figures like Ernst Rüdin within the Nineteen Twenties,6 who went on to change into a key architect of Nazi Germany’s eugenics program and who labored on the Third Reich’s sterilization coverage. The movement of Rockefeller cash into eugenics analysis was not contained inside Germany, nevertheless — together with different robber barons, John D. Rockefeller funded Davenport’s Eugenics Analysis Workplace on the Chilly Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York.
James Corbett, who has researched the historical past of eugenics extensively, instructed mehow within the aftermath of WWII, the sector of eugenics turned related to the Nazis, and “thus needed to go underground.” This was “an specific and acutely aware choice,” Corbett instructed me, citing the Basic Secretary of the British Eugenics Society’s memorandum in 1968. The memorandum prompt that in an effort to take care of the diminishing success of the Society’s recruiting marketing campaign since 1946, it “ought to pursue eugenics by much less apparent means, that’s by a coverage of crypto-eugenics”7 to, as Corbett put it, “keep it up the dream of eugenics beneath one other title.”
An excerpt from a e book written by Julian Huxley of the Eugenics Society instantly after the conflict seems to corroborate Corbett’s declare that eugenicists on this interval certainly acknowledged the political impossibility of their agenda, and the necessity to revitalize it not directly. The e book was written representing the newly created United Nations Instructional, Scientific and Cultural Group (UNESCO), which the Rockefellers have been affiliated with since its creation. Within the speech, Huxley laments “regardless that it’s fairly true that any radical eugenic coverage will likely be for a few years politically and psychologically inconceivable, will probably be vital for UNESCO to see that the eugenic drawback is examined with the best care, and that the general public thoughts is knowledgeable of the problems at stake in order that a lot that now’s unthinkable could a minimum of change into thinkable.”8
Since that 1968 memorandum, Corbett speculates, eugenics insurance policies have been “rebranded” and “bought as a means to assist save poor international locations and peoples from the scourge of overpopulation.” Given this context, regardless of whether or not Gates considers himself a eugenicist or is even conscious of those connections himself, a few of his “well being”-focused endeavors –– similar to an implantable contraception gadget that might “be turned on and off with a distant management,” his concept to ration healthcare primarily based on a person’s perceived worth to society, or his effort to advertise long-acting reversible contraceptives in Africa with an organization whose preliminary mission was “enhancing the organic inventory of the human race” –– exist inside a darker context than their seemingly benign, technocratic motivations.
But, Hood’s time on the College of Washington wouldn’t be the final time his skilled work acquired large funding from Gates. He would later go on to discovered the Institute for Programs Biology (ISB), a spin-off of the work he was doing in his lab on the College of Washington. Like his time at UW, ISB targeted on Hood’s shared curiosity with Gates; bioinformatics, or the “use of data expertise to retailer and analyze genetic info.” Gates has funded ISB to the tune of tens of millions of {dollars} through the years (see right here and right here).
And to wrap up this bundle of eugenics- and nationwide security-linked science connecting all the way in which to Monarez’s time at Stanford, in 2015, Mark M. Davis — Monarez’s Division Chair throughout her postdoctoral years — was chosen to move a new heart at Stanford to “speed up efforts in vaccine growth” referred to as the Stanford Human Programs Immunology Heart. The best way wherein this heart got here to fruition? A $50 million grant from the Gates Basis. Stanford Report introduced that it might “draw upon a repertoire of applied sciences, a lot of which have been pioneered at Stanford, to supply an in depth profile of the human immune response” (emphasis added).
Davis, as Monarez’s Division Chair, possible performed an vital position in cultivating the workers at Stanford’s biology and immunology postdoctoral analysis program. These professors who Monarez possible encountered or took lessons with embrace figures similar to David Relman, a longtime authorities operator who has sat on the Nationwide Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity and who issued a questionable report on Havana Syndrome, and Garry Nolan, a Pentagon contractor and CIA ufologist who has his personal unusual connections to Havana Syndrome.
These figures show that the educational surroundings which preceded her authorities tenure was rife with hyperlinks to the shadowy facet of academia. Whether or not or not somebody at Stanford helped carry Monarez into the biosecurity equipment is unclear — but it was only some months after her commencement that she started her stint at HHS’ Biomedical Superior Analysis Initiatives Company (BARDA), a newly established authorities division that emerged within the wake of the Anthrax assaults, and from the minds of biosecurity-obsessed Chilly Warriors.
Stockpiling Within the Public Sector
BARDA was created within the backdrop of a post-Amerithrax United States. The false flag that related Iraq with Al Qaeda with out proof injected panic into the American psyche, and it was on this interval of trepidation that the HHS head Tommy Thompson started warning of a flu pandemic and vaccine shortages, calling for the funding of an American “stockpile of emergency vaccines for smallpox and anthrax.” Over the following few years, this stockpile funding was achieved, primarily by way of the Mission Bioshield Act of 2004, and ultimately managed by BARDA. The historical past of the stockpile’s and BARDA’s inception, nevertheless, ties its origins deeply to the world of nationwide safety and the paranoia surrounding the Battle on Terror.
The stockpile was the results of a years-long effort that had been cooked up by bioweapons-focused and Large Pharma-connected Chilly Warriors — specifically the Air Pressure physician and intelligence officer Robert Kadlec, together with a few of his mentors like William Patrick III. Kadlec had been advocating for this stockpile as far again as 1995,9 notably in between the journeys he’d taken to Iraq together with Patrick looking for the Iraqi authorities’s weaponized anthrax program. Although the pair by no means discovered any proof of such a program, all through the 90s Kadlec was drafting hypothetical eventualities on the Nationwide Battle School of potential methods wherein American adversaries may use bioweapons to wage conflict in opposition to the US,10 and Patrick was collaborating in personal conferences with Clinton on organic weapons. In these conferences, Patrick described their use as inevitable and emphasised {that a} terrorist may make even probably the most harmful pathogens of their “storage.”
With the prospect of terrorist-waged biowarfare marinating in Clinton’s thoughts, on this interval the Arkansas-native President claimed that Saddam Hussein was “growing nuclear, chemical and organic weapons and the missiles to ship them,” regardless of an absence of any intelligence to show so. Clinton’s concern ultimately materialized into laws when he requested an emergency funds complement request in 1998. In it was “$51 million for pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiling actions at CDC.” It quickly handed, and the Strategic Pharmaceutical Stockpile (SPS) was born.
Just a few years later, the concern that the prospect of bioterror instilled in Clinton unfold like a virus to your entire American inhabitants within the wake of an precise “bioterror” assault; Amerithtrax. Whereas 9/11 confirmed that an anomaly like a plane-hijacking may destroy vital infrastructure of the usually protected United States, the anthrax assaults made People understand terrorism as a brand new ingredient of each day life, one thing that could possibly be covertly unleashed by way of an merchandise as innocuous as a letter, and wreak havoc and dying by way of invisible spores and contamination.
Someday earlier than the anthrax assaults within the wake of 9/11, Kadlec turned the particular advisor on organic warfare to George W. Bush’s Secretary of Protection, Donald Rumsfeld. It was that very month that Rumsfeld went on to announce that “he anticipated America’s enemies would attempt to assist terrorist teams get hold of chemical and organic weapons” — echoing Patrick’s considerations of the earlier decade. In late November, with Kadlec nonetheless in his ear, Rumsfeld and his Deputy Secretary of Protection Paul Wolfowitz would draw up technique for regime change in Iraq, and among the many concepts they contemplated to launch the trouble included the US discovering “Saddam connections to Sept. 11 assault or anthrax assaults?” Certainly, although not directly and infrequently by way of hints and nudges versus official statements from the manager department, a bunch of Bush-era bureaucrats in Washington made this precise connection within the aftermath of Amerithrax and 9/11.
It was on this local weather of mass paranoia and concern of an invisible enemy — be it terrorists in plainclothes or hidden anthrax spores — that the stockpile was expanded and funded with billions of taxpayer {dollars}. Whereas a number of items of laws elevated funding for this pandemic response measure, the 2004 Mission Bioshield Act most importantly approved $5.6 billion for the “for the superior growth and buy of safety countermeasures for the Strategic Nationwide Stockpile (SNS)” — a gargantuan subsidization in comparison with Clinton’s 1998 laws. And eventually in 2006, the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006 established the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) to handle the stockpile. With the assist of Kadlec, the laws established BARDA throughout the ASPR, and made the brand new company accountable for granting Large Pharma contracts to create medical countermeasures for pandemics and bioterror assaults (together with countermeasures for the stockpile).
It was at Kadlec and firm’s brainchild, BARDA, the place Monarez entered the general public sector in 2006, the place she served beneath the management of Carol Linden, a scientist lengthy embedded on the Pentagon who from 1979 by way of 2000 labored on the U.S. Military Medical Analysis Institute of Infectious Illnesses (USAMRIID) lab in Fort Detrick as “Chief Analysis Plans and Applications” — overlapping with William Patrick III’s tenure at USAMRIID as its Plans and Applications Officer.
The next 12 months in 2007, Monarez drafted the primary ever HHS Public Well being Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise Technique and Implementation Plan which, in accordance with her LinkedIn, “outlined the acquisition plan for the Division’s medical countermeasures program utilizing the $5.6 billion Mission BioShield Particular Reserve Fund.”
On this capability, Monarez formed HHS funding for pandemic preparedness for years to return, subtly influencing the longer term responses of pandemics. She additionally codified a pledge that made clear what the character of pandemic preparedness in a post-Amerithrax world could be; specifically, a partnership between the world of academia/public well being and the Pentagon:
“HHS [will] proceed to coordinate medical countermeasure growth and acquisition with DoD…”
One of many joint DoD/HHS ventures that this implementation plan set in movement was the funding of Ebola analysis and medical countermeasures for it. These funds trickled into a number of locations; the USAMRIID lab in Fort Detrick, to members of the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium (VHFC) who labored at Fort Detrick — the group which can have performed a task within the 2014 Ebola outbreak — and the pharmaceutical firm Gilead. Of the $1 billion that went into Ebola and Marburg virus analysis from 1997 to 2015, “public sources of funding invested $758.8 million” and “joint public/personal/philanthropic ventures accounted for $213.8 million,” accounting for over 90% of whole funds.
Whereas the mainstream account of the 2014 Ebola outbreak postulates that the virus broke out zoonotically in Guinea, journalist Sam Husseini and virologist Jonathan Latham wrote a prolonged investigative report in 2022 arguing that the outbreak could have been the results of a lab leak from the VHFC’s solely everlasting lab in Sierra Leone. Since their report, the case for a lab leak has solely change into stronger as one VHFC member that has lengthy researched the Ebola virus, Kristian Andersen, admitted that the VHFC lab in Sierra Leone was conducting Ebola analysis earlier than the outbreak. Whereas this had been suspected by researchers earlier than, it had but to be confirmed earlier than Andersen’s declare.
Whether it is true {that a} leak from the VHFC Sierra Leone lab precipitated the 2014 Ebola outbreak, then a number of the $5.6 billion in investments from Bioshield that Monarez helped outline could have not directly led to the devastation that occurred in West Africa that 12 months. Monarez listed the Ebola virus as a prime precedence menace in her Implementation Plan, and outlined antivirals, diagnostics and filovirus vaccines because the “projected future prime precedence medical countermeasure applications” to fight Ebola virus.
Based mostly on accounts of Ebola researchers who have been members of the VHFC and studied Ebola at Fort Detrick, the funding plan put forth by HHS had tangible results for Ebola analysis. Former Fort Detrick scientist Thomas Geisbert, who in 2014 was chosen as one in every of Time Journal’s “Ebola fighters” of the 12 months, has detailed how Fort Detrick acquired lavish funding for Ebola analysis on account of post-9/11 and Amerithrax hysteria:
“[there] wasn’t cash or curiosity or time to take these merchandise throughout the end line. “However after 9/11, every part modified. There was elevated funding. It was lucky for me, as a result of Ebola was my principal space of curiosity. When all the cash turned obtainable, we began growing a vaccine.”
This HHS funding was detailed additional within the e book, The Ebola Outbreak in West Africa by Constantine Nana:
“[Geisbert] has studied the Ebola virus for greater than twenty years and spent a number of years working with USAMRIID at Fort Detrick. In March of 2014, he was awarded (along with Profectus Biosciences, Tekmira Prescription drugs, and Vanderbilt College Medical Heart) $26 million (to be distributed over 5 years) by the NIH to ‘advance remedies of the extremely deadly hemorrhagic fever viruses Ebola and Marburg.’”11
Additional, in accordance with Crunchbase, a $15 million contract awarded to Tulane College by the HHS-housed NIAID created the VHFC, and thus led to the incarnation of the Sierra Leone laboratory as a everlasting web site of VHFC. Importantly, VHFC member Robert Garry is a professor at Tulane college. Only a 12 months earlier than the virus ravaged hundreds of West Africans, Garry co-authored a paper on “a novel therapy for Zaire Ebola” together with eleven different authors who all hailed from USAMRIID at Fort Detrick. The research was funded by the Pentagon, together with its Protection Menace Discount Company, which focuses on countering weapons of mass destruction.
Within the aftermath of the outbreak, Andersen, Garry, and others would go on to difficulty articles that positioned the origin of the outbreak in Guinea, offering a handy scientific consensus for these dealing with Ebola analysis on the Sierra Leone lab. But, as Husseini and Latham famous, there was appreciable overlapping authorship between these papers:
“A number of of simply six researchers are represented on all of them: Robert Garry, Andrew Rambaut, Stephan Gunther, Kristian Andersen, Pardis Sabeti, and Edward Holmes are lead authors on nearly all of those publications.”
Moreover, “a lot of the senior authors of the phylogeny papers (notably, Robert Garry, Kristian Andersen, Pardis Sabeti, Erica Ollman Saphire, Daniel Park, and Stephen Gire) and loads of much less well-known authors, are instantly related to the VHFC and its Kenema lab. These authors particularly, have a career-sized battle of curiosity, which they might additionally suppose is dwarfed by the potential of being implicated in 11,000 deaths.” In different phrases, if the lab leak idea is true, then most of the scientists who penned the papers that allegedly proved the virus originated in Guinea had a direct conflict-of-interest in making these claims. As Husseini and Latham be aware of their investigation, these authors didn’t account for a plethora of proof in opposition to a Guinean origin level so as to draw their conclusions.
Notably, Andersen, Rambaut and Garry later turned a number of the earliest peddlers of the speculation that the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as the results of a zoonotic origin, as all of them co-authored the now infamous “The Proximal Origins of SARS-COV-2” paper in March 2020. The paper, printed within the prestigious Nature scientific journal, downplayed the potential of a lab leak — a idea that has now change into more and more mainstream since.
Importantly, by advantage of their connections to VHFC and the consortium’s Ebola analysis, many of those scientists have been targets of the federal government funding that Susan Monarez helped outline within the post-9/11 building of biosecurity infrastructure.
The place there may be disaster, nevertheless, there may be additionally alternative. Monarez’s Implementation Plan additionally appears to have performed a task in funding the drug that the pharmaceutical big Gilead tried, and failed, to make the antidote to Ebola — remdesivir, the antiviral remedy now used to deal with COVID-19.
Remdesivir emerged as the results of a collaboration between “Gilead, the U.S. Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Military Medical Analysis Institute of Infectious Illnesses (USAMRIID).” In 2009, builders noticed the drug “as a possible therapy for hepatitis C,” however it sadly “didn’t work as hoped.”
Fortunately for Gilead, Susan Monarez was serving on the White Home Ebola Activity Pressure on the time of the outbreak in West Africa. There, she was accountable for “evaluating investments in Ebola-related prescription drugs and diagnostics.” It simply so occurred that the failed hepatitis C drug, remdesivir, could be one of many targets of those Ebola-related authorities investments.
In line with Public Citizen, remdesivir’s potential as an Ebola countermeasure started when federal scientists screened “a thousand compounds from a Gilead library looking for a molecule to focus on Ebola virus.” They recognized remdesivir as helpful, and shortly “U.S. Military scientists labored with the company to ‘refine, develop and consider the compound.’” This started a years-long public-private enterprise with the HHS, DoD and Gilead to carry remdesivir to market as a therapy for Ebola.
In 2014, the CDC, DoD and Gilead started “antiviral testing of remdesivir for Ebola and different viruses” and in 2016, the NIH and Gilead started “antiviral testing for coronaviruses and different viruses.” But the drug seemingly went nowhere, and by the second Ebola outbreak in 2019 a NIAID research confirmed the drug to be ineffective and it was in the end dropped from the trial.12
Nonetheless, nevertheless, this public-private collaboration endured. In 2020, the NIH funded “a multi-stage medical trial of remdesivir for COVID-19” and the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the unapproved drug, bringing it to market regardless of it nonetheless displaying to be ineffective primarily based on the outcomes of a World Well being Group trial that discovered the drug didn’t “cut back mortality or the time COVID-19 sufferers take to recuperate,” a choice that reportedly “baffled scientists” who had been watching the trials unfold.
Much more oddly, the FDA by no means consulted the Antimicrobial Medication Advisory Committee (AMDAC) to debate the emergency passage of remdesivir. The AMDAC is a “group of outdoor consultants that [the FDA] has on the able to weigh in on sophisticated antiviral drug points.” Had the FDA consulted this group, its representatives would have reviewed all obtainable information on remdesivir and made a suggestion primarily based upon it — but on the time of remdesivir’s emergency rush to market, “it [had] not convened as soon as throughout the pandemic.”
Nonetheless, the EUA paved the way in which for Gilead to rake in $873 million from remdesivir gross sales, topping Wall Road estimates on the time by over $100 million.
Yet one more fascinating funding that the White Home made throughout the Ebola response interval was a vaccine candidate developed collectively by Nationwide Institute for Allergic reactions and Infectious Illnesses (NIAID) and a subsidiary firm of the pharmaceutical big Glaxosmithkline. This candidate, referred to as the ChAd3 vaccine, underwent trials at a couple of establishments, one in every of them being the Oxford Jenner Institute, and acquired €200 million in funding from a corporation often called the Wellcome Belief.
The Wellcome Belief and the Jenner Institute are intimately linked as Limitless Hangout has beforehand reported — most instantly by way of the funding Wellcome offers the Institute. Additionally, the Jenner Institute’s director since 2005, Adrian Hill, leads a analysis group on the Wellcome Belief, and beforehand helped discovered the Wellcome Belief’s Heart for Human Genetics.
The Wellcome Belief, notably, has deep ties to the eugenics motion through its connections to the group previously often called the British Eugenics Society, now referred to as the Adelphi Genetics Discussion board, as a number of members of Adelphi’s governing board hail from the Wellcome Belief. Moreover, when Wellcome arrange its Up to date Medical Archives Centre, the primary organizational archive it acquired was that of the Eugenics Society. The information include “a great deal of materials on topics such because the therapy of the mentally and bodily faulty, the event of contraception strategies, the legalisation of sterilisation, [and] using synthetic insemination…”
Francis Galton, the godfather of eugenics who “constructed a racial hierarchy, wherein white folks have been thought of superior,” was described moderately uncontroversially by the Adelphi Genetics Discussion board as an “eminent late nineteenth century polymath.” This can be due partly to the truth that Galton was the honorary president of the primary incarnation of the Eugenics Society/Adelphi Genetics Discussion board, in accordance with A Lifetime of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Delivery of Eugenics.13
Moreover, Adrian Hill — the director of the Jenner Institute and a Wellcome worker — has an early reference to a longtime affiliate of the Eugenics Society, the late David Weatherall. Weatherall was Hill’s doctoral advisor, and had a prolonged historical past with Walter Bodmer, the person who made the primary proposal for The Human Genome Mission in 1986, and at that time had already been a decades-long affiliate of the Eugenics Society. Weatherall’s work was being funded by Bodmer round 1989, and this relationship endured for many years after. In the course of the interval that Bodmer was president of the Eugenics Society (then referred to as the Galton Institute) from 2008-2014, Weatherall spoke at one in every of their conferences in 2014. Moreover, in 2008, the identical 12 months Bodmer turned president, Weatherall joined Bodmer as a speaker on the Galton Institute centenary symposium — celebrating “100 years of medical genetics.”
Whereas the Glaxo-Jenner vaccine by no means got here to fruition, the Jenner Institute would go on to develop a vaccine in collaboration with AstraZeneca for COVID-19 a couple of years later. That vaccine was dropped at market through emergency use authorization, and was heralded because the vaccine for low- and middle-income international locations throughout the pandemic, because it was cheaper to develop and simpler to retailer than its mRNA options. But the vaccine’s use was ultimately halted in a number of international locations after “fears the shot could have precipitated some recipients to develop blood clots,” and was ultimately withdrawn by AstraZeneca completely.
Importantly, the precedent concerning the authorization of the unapproved AstraZeneca vaccine to market had been partially established again throughout the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Within the warmth of Ebola ravaging West Africa, the Glaxo vaccine — which Monarez’s funding focused — was rushed to trials in an “unprecedented” means. As Science reported, the early injection of the Glaxo vaccine into people was an “extraordinary, unprecedented gamble” due to how shortly the method was transferring. “Usually, vaccines take a few years to advance from small section I research, which have a look at security and immune responses,” the journal said. From there, they transfer to“section II research, which do the identical in bigger teams; to section III, wherein efficacy is examined in giant populations vulnerable to the illness. An earlier WHO session made the startling announcement on 5 September that this disaster required compressing the timeline, which successfully does away with conventional section III research” (emphasis added).
Moreover, Jeremy Farrar, who on the time headed the Wellcome Belief, advocated for a “step-wedge trial” to keep away from a randomized management trial. The step-wedge, notably, mechanically provides each research participant the vaccine (simply at completely different instances). But this tactic “makes it tougher to regulate for biases like variations in charges of latest an infection, conduct, and availability of safety fits” — thus making the trial much less goal and its information much less indicative of the vaccine’s efficacy. Farrar’s advocacy right here is unsurprising; this type of disregard for thorough and lengthy testing of medication pervades the Wellcome Belief. The group has since pursued initiatives that search to make use of lab-grown human organs to check pharmaceutical merchandise on to substitute animal trials altogether.14 Nonetheless, this acceleratory angle nonetheless couldn’t obtain the duty of getting the Glaxo vaccine to market.
Regardless of the failure of the Glaxo-Jenner Ebola vaccine, nevertheless, remdesivir was not the one drug that made Large Pharma large income on account of Monarez’s 2014 Ebola Activity Pressure funding. The remainder of her investments, similar to vaccines from Johnson & Johnson and Merck, in addition to monoclonal antibody remedies from Regeneron and the DoD-funded Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., would come to fruition in 2017 after they have been added to the Mission Bioshield stockpile with an funding of $170.2 million. It was a full decade earlier that Monarez penned the HHS Funding Plan to allocate $5.6 billion in BioShield funds throughout the private and non-private sectors, together with for vaccines and antivirals in opposition to the Ebola virus. Greater than ten years later, after working in two completely different authorities places of work since her time at BARDA, she’d accomplished a vital funding element of that Implementation Plan. It took, nevertheless, a possible lab leak, a lethal epidemic and bringing an unapproved drug to market, to attain this objective.
Monarez’s position within the Ebola response, nevertheless, was possible not restricted to her affect on drug investments. Her Linkedin states that she was an “instrumental member” of the Activity Pressure, “accountable for growing the Nation’s public well being response plans to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa…” Past pharmaceutical investments, the nation additionally launched into a large biosurveillance marketing campaign to watch the outbreak of the virus.
A lot of the expertise deployed to surveil and fight the Ebola virus on this interval — by each personal contractors and the Pentagon — would later be deployed, and certain refined beforehand, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The U.S. Authorities’s Ebola surveillance operation utilized a type of digital surveillance reliant on gathering an unlimited array of knowledge from completely different sources so as to string collectively these broad samples right into a exact narrative, similar to the place Ebola may probably get away, and the place a selected strand’s origins may hint again to. This type of surveillance is an age-old technique of the nationwide safety state, and its implementation into the general public well being/pandemic preparedness mannequin is just not one thing that has occurred in parallel to nationwide safety utilization, however in symbiosis with it.
For instance, the Ebola Activity Pressure issued $60 million to the Pentagon to create a Cooperative Menace Discount program to “deal with pressing…biosurveillance wants within the three international locations most affected by the Ebola outbreak.” The DoD addressed these wants a minimum of partly by repurposing a system historically used to detect weapons of mass destruction to “as an alternative flag the onset of Ebola outbreaks.” The system, which in 2014 was described as a “next-generation info gathering, sharing, evaluation, collaboration and visualization system” harvested “information of curiosity throughout the navy and intelligence communities.” Its title, complimenting its multi-source information harvesting possible choosing from satellite tv for pc imagery, social media information, cellphone name areas, medical information and extra, was “Constellation.”
Assistant secretary of protection for Nuclear, Chemical and Organic Protection Applications Andrew C. Weber touted Constellation in 2014, advocating for “a shared biosurveillance system that integrates native illness info, civilian illness info and DoD details about its personal navy forces.” He additionally referred to as for using info applied sciences similar to social media to allow “real-time illness detection that permits international locations to stop outbreaks or include them.”
Constellation shortly developed right into a public-private partnership utilized by “nongovernmental organizations, governments most affected by the Ebola outbreak, and Protection Division laboratories concerned within the outbreak response,” increasing its use, and certain the information this system may combination and analyze.
One other biosurveillance operation that was getting used throughout the Ebola outbreak was the GDELT Mission database, which, in accordance with Protection One, as soon as competed for funding from the Intelligence Superior Analysis Initiatives Company (IARPA). Supported by the Google incubator Google Jigsaw –– a shopper of Antony Blinken’s consulting agency WestExec –– throughout the 2014 outbreak, GDELT claimed that it predicted an Ebola outbreak primarily based on “a French language newswire article that noticed, amazingly, not the key phrase Ebola however ‘a illness whose nature has not but been recognized has killed 8 folks within the prefecture of Macenta in south-eastern Guinea … it manifests itself as a hemorrhagic fever…’” Curiously, the next 12 months in 2015 Google Jigsaw was working with the State Division to “establish Google customers concerned about Islamic extremist subjects” so as to de-radicalize them, participating in “digital counterinsurgency.” In 2012, they have been working with Hillary Clinton to oust Bashar al-Assad from energy in Syria. 15
Whereas it’s not clear in what means the Peter Thiel-founded mass surveillance firm Palantir aided the federal government response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, the corporate has touted its position in “countering Ebola” with the CDC in two completely different press releases. These press releases state that this partnership happened not lengthy after Palantir and the CDC “initially partnered,” implying that the Ebola outbreak could very nicely have been one in every of Palantir’s first forays into an actual pandemic biosurveillance state of affairs.
In the course of the Ebola outbreak, the CDC performed a direct biosurveillance effort in West Africa wherein they tracked the “approximate areas of cell phone customers” who dialed emergency name facilities so as to predict outbreaks earlier than they occurred and the place they may unfold.16 It’s unclear whether or not or not Palantir aided this effort, although this system is strikingly just like previous Palantir initiatives. But, in whichever capability the surveillance contractor aided the Ebola response, Monarez was not removed from it.
Since then, through large authorities contracts throughout HHS companies, in addition to former Palantir staff being put in at HHS, the corporate has change into a significant element of the US authorities’s biosecurity infrastructure.
Earlier than Monarez served within the White Home, nevertheless, she joined the Division of Homeland Safety (DHS) in 2009 and would stay there till 2013. There, she was the Department Chief and Chief Science Advisor of the Homeland Safety Superior Analysis Initiatives Company (HSARPA) the place she reported to biosecurity veteran, Tara O’Toole.
Tara O’Toole is maybe greatest recognized for writing a pre-pandemic catastrophe simulation of a smallpox bioterror assault simply months earlier than Amerithrax seeded a deep sense of paranoia and pro-war fervor into American consciousness. The simulation was performed on the Johns Hopkins Heart for Civilian Biodefense Research, which O’Toole was the director of on the time. Its title was ominously titled Darkish Winter.
Whereas O’Toole selected smallpox because the pathogen that might infect People in her simulation, the train eerily predicted key components of the particular anthrax assaults that occurred solely months later. As occurred in the true assaults, O’Toole’s script had threatening letters delivering weaponized spores to distinguished members of the American media class, and predicted that such an occasion would rework the general public’s affinity for peace right into a thirst for revenge. Maybe most significantly, Darkish Winter established the narrative that Al Qaeda and Iraq have been working as companions to hold out these assaults.
The simulation started with a geopolitical context briefing which contained a piece titled “Suspected Bioweapons Manufacturing – Iraq,” wherein it prompt that Saddam Hussein was utilizing a vaccine plant as a entrance for bioweapons manufacturing, as Hussein had “imported tools and supplies that is likely to be used to construct chemical or organic weapons.” Later within the simulation, the Nationwide Safety Council in Darkish Winter deduced that the bioterror assault was “associated to choices [the U.S.] could make to deploy troops to the Mid-East.” Additional, in one of many train’s fictional information studies, the reporter claims that “Iraq may need offered the expertise behind the assaults to terrorist teams primarily based in Afghanistan.”
As Robbie Martin and Abby Martin recounted of their audio documentary, Schrodinger’s Tremendous Patriots: The 2001 Anthrax Thriller, a number of individuals of the Darkish Winter simulation in addition to officers adjoining to them went on to make conspicuous connections between the 9/11 assaults, anthrax and Iraq. These included Darkish Winter individuals James Woolsey and Jerome Hauer, Bush official Richard Perle, and Darkish Winter participant/disgraced New York Instances reporter Judith Miller. Miller later launched a e book initially of Amerithrax hysteria that, in accordance with Whitney Webb, “asserted that the U.S. confronted an unprecedented bioterrorism menace from terrorist teams like Al Qaeda and [nation states like] Russia.” Of their audio documentary, the Martin siblings additionally dug up a slew of outdated information studies from the time citing nameless U.S. authorities officers suggesting a connection between the anthrax assaults, 9/11, Al Qaeda and Iraq — eerily echoing the simulated predictions of O’Toole’s Darkish Winter. Later, the anthrax utilized in these assaults was discovered to have originated from strains held solely by the U.S. navy.
Given the proximity of O’Toole’s Darkish Winter simulation to the Bush administration, and the methods wherein it appeared to encourage the P.R. ways the administration later employed in response to the anthrax assaults, the query has been raised as as to if or not somebody who attended the Darkish Winter simulation — or was conversant in the fictional trajectory it laid out — was the one that reportedly instructed Dick Cheney’s workers to start taking Cipro, the antibiotic used to fight anthrax an infection, the evening of the 9/11 assaults. Based mostly on this seemingly prophetic suggestion, it seems that this individual had foreknowledge of the anthrax assaults. The prospects of this risk change into much more value contemplating provided that, as reported by The New York Instances Journal, O’Toole herself attended a gathering with Dick Cheney simply days after 9/11 with former Air Pressure colonel, Darkish Winter writer and colleague of Robert Kadlec, Randall Larsen, wherein they pressured that the U.S. was underprepared for a organic assault. To make this level, Larsen allegedly smuggled a pattern of weaponized Bacillus globigii into the assembly, which is “nearly genetically an identical to anthrax,” so as to show the dearth of presidency safety surrounding bioweapons.
Just a few years later in 2009, shortly after Barack Obama turned president, O’Toole went on to change into the Below Secretary of Science and Expertise (S&T) at DHS, “the principal adviser to the Secretary on issues associated to science and expertise.” It must be famous that the tenures of each Monarez and O’Toole at DHS seemingly overlap completely with one another, each becoming a member of the company in 2009 and leaving in 2013. The 2 labored carefully collectively, as Monarez performed a major position in allocating funds for HSARPA. HSARPA studies instantly to the Undersecretary of S&T, which on the time was O’Toole.
An integral a part of O’Toole’s focus throughout her time on the company was the growth of “Apex initiatives” which “pioneered new partnerships between S&T and DHS operations, and efficiently delivered modern applied sciences to satisfy DHS’ pressing operational wants, together with using superior ‘Large Knowledge’ analytics by ICE.” ICE notably purchased Palantir software program throughout O’Toole’s tenure allegedly so as to observe down and take “revenge” in opposition to drug cartel members who murdered an ICE agent in Mexico.
One other a part of O’Toole’s reforms concerned shifting most analysis and growth (R&D) inside S&T to HSARPA, making the company embody “the overwhelming majority of the R&D actions within the S&T Directorate.” This alteration clearly made Monarez’s position very important to the S&T directorate. In line with her LinkedIn profile, she was overseeing $300 million in federal contracts — presumably funding the vast majority of your entire directorate’s analysis.
Monarez utilized these funds for analysis of border-security and counterterrorism expertise. Probably the most startling applications injected with this cash seems to have been the testing of a “real-time malintent detection functionality” referred to as Future Attribute Screening Expertise (FAST). Reveal Information described this malintent detector as “equipment that may measure issues like coronary heart fee, micro-facial expressions, respiration patterns and physique warmth as a person walks by way of a safety portal.” Utilizing the information harvested from this expertise, software program algorithms would then “decide if a mixed set of behaviors and physiological qualities amounted to somebody hiding plans to hold out a terrorist assault.”
In line with Nationwide Protection Journal, throughout a testing of the expertise in 2009, “a laser measured [participants’] coronary heart and respiratory charges, a watch tracker measured their blink charges and pupil dilation, a thermal digicam measured the warmth on their pores and skin and a reconfigured Nintendo Wii Stability Board measured their fidgeting. Close by computer systems processed the information, and the system’s software program beneficial to the safety guard which individuals must be taken apart for follow-up questioning.”
In a 2011 DHS funds paper, the company claimed that, in 2009, they “demonstrated a real-time malintent detection functionality at a simulated talking occasion utilizing indicators similar to coronary heart beat, respiration, and pore rely to develop a screening facility and a collection of real-time, non-invasive sensor applied sciences to quickly, reliably, and remotely detect indicators of malintent.”17 In 2011, notably, HSARPA was constructing on the FAST challenge to incorporate “passive stimuli” in its screening procedures so as to higher detect malintent.
Monarez additionally appears to have funded a Lockheed Martin-partnered border-security program referred to as the Tunnel Detection Mission –– an invasive surveillance effort to make the most of “floor penetrating radar” to assemble digital photos of underground tunnels. The challenge was meant to supply DHS with the surveillance capacities to detect tunnels constructed by criminals for the illicit trafficking of medication, people and different contraband.
HSARPA scanned these tunnels utilizing “radar antennas in a trailer…towed by a Border Patrol truck.” The antennas shot “a sign instantly into the bottom and [used] it to assemble a multi-colored image of the earth.” In 2011, Nationwide Protection Journal reported that DHS and the Pentagon have been deploying “sensors and robots” within the Southwest to detect and map out “unlawful tunnels being constructed beneath the U.S.-Mexico border.”
Monarez left the company in 2013 and returned to DHS three years later after her stint within the White Home, this time because the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technique and Evaluation. There, she chaired a DHS Technical Advisory Board and served as a member of the Homeland Safety Advisory Group — influencing coverage and useful resource planning of DHS’s “$2 billion science and expertise portfolio.”
Notably, in DHS’ 2017 funds proposal, the S&T Directorate requested “$94.9 million for R&D on Organic and Chemical Functionality for the BioWatch program together with S&T funding to check and establish expertise enhancements to the prevailing operational system” (emphasis added). The BioWatch program is a public-private nationwide biosurveillance effort that “offers early warning of a bioterrorist assault in additional than 30 main metropolitan areas throughout the nation” that’s managed by the DHS Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Workplace. The trouble “includes a big community of stakeholders” from a myriad of industries, together with legislation enforcement, “who collaborate to detect and put together a coordinated response to a bioterror assault.” Amongst Biowatch’s current targets are “offering real-time information throughout the Homeland Safety Enterprise” and “enhancing information-sharing between federal, state and native operators.”
It has labored to attain these targets partly by growing “autonomous biodetection devices” with aerospace protection contractor Northrop Grumman. The autonomous devices operated “24 hours per day, three hundred and sixty five days per 12 months” and utilized bio-detectors positioned in U.S. inhabitants facilities to “constantly monitor the air for brokers of organic concern” — offering DHS with a continuing surveillance-based early detection system.
Monarez’s affect on a DHS funds portfolio that funded efforts similar to this seemingly foreshadowed a later profession transfer she would make — that which she is now most recognized for. In 2022, Monarez turned the primary official Deputy Director of ARPA-H, the place she would spearhead the event of invasive biotechnology ripe with mass surveillance potential. As well as, ARPA-H’s origin story as a predictive crime “psychological well being” detector turned biotech procurement program sheds mild on the symbiotic relationship between the technocratic nature of recent public well being infrastructure, and the dystopian nationwide security-based system of mass surveillance that continues to broaden globally. Monarez’s roots, in addition to her time at ARPA-H, clarify that nearly her total profession has existed on the reducing fringe of this intersection.
ARPA-H
Whereas ARPA-H was established beneath the Biden administration, it was initially pitched to Donald Trump throughout his first time period. Within the aftermath of two mass shootings that left 31 folks useless of their wake, the ARPA-H promote to the Trump administration included a program referred to as “Secure Dwelling,” or Stopping Aberrant Deadly Occasions by Serving to Overcome Psychological Extremes.
Although the idea of a “well being” targeted iteration of DARPA –– conceived of and lobbied for by the Suzanne Wright Basis –– was initially meant to be a “challenge to enhance the mortality fee of pancreatic most cancers by way of modern analysis to raised detect and remedy illnesses,” this new proposal to the Trump administration highlighted a unique, much less apparent, perform of this system.
As The Washington Publish described it, this system would make the most of “volunteer information to establish ‘neurobehavioral indicators’ of ‘somebody headed towards a violent explosive act.’” An individual conversant in the discussions surrounding ARPA-H instructed WaPo one thing eerily revealing concerning the true nature of ARPA-H: “There isn’t a doubt that addressing this difficulty helps the president take care of two points he has to seek out actual success on: one is the health-care entrance and one is the gun-violence entrance.” This account implies that it doesn’t matter what pretext the predictive medicine-focused ARPA-H could be launched beneath, its goal going ahead would all the time stay dual-use: each for “well being” and nationwide safety.
Certainly, whereas Secure Dwelling has not been outwardly pursued by ARPA-H, Monarez has since made it clear that one in every of her main goals on the company was one thing related. In an interview with One Thoughts, Monarez requested “What can we do by way of all of this harnessing of the information that has been generated for many years and a long time, and it’s dispersed in so many various locations?” With “generative AI capabilities,” she continued, we are able to “mix all of that [data]” to interchange in-person psychological well being screenings of sufferers presumably with AI-generated ones as an alternative — using a myriad of datapoints a few affected person to diagnose and deal with them for a bunch of psychological situations, versus the in-person steering and evaluation of an actual physician. This, Monarez stated, will conveniently carry conventional medical expertise “to the house,” offering “empowerment” to sufferers coping with the “prohibitive” issues of “psychological well being points.”
On the time Monarez made these statements, she was serving as Deputy Director of ARPA-H. A press launch introduced her choice as Deputy Director of ARPA-H in January 2023 and famous that she would work beneath the management of director Renee Wegrzyn, a former program supervisor within the DARPA Biotechnologies Workplace. On this position, Monarez formed “the strategic imaginative and prescient” and executed the company’s applications, and in addition oversaw “the event and administration of groundbreaking well being analysis initiatives.” She additionally labored with “multidisciplinary groups” to “consider and choose” analysis proposals for ARPA-H to deal with. Moreover, she fostered “robust partnerships with main educational establishments, trade stakeholders, and authorities companies to leverage experience and sources for joint analysis efforts.” In different phrases, Monarez formed a lot of ARPA-H’s catalogue of biotechnology analysis and growth, and instantly labored with contractors and “stakeholders” to facilitate the execution of those initiatives.
But, to completely perceive Monarez’s goals and position at ARPA-H, the dual-use nature of the company itself — in addition to Monarez’s work at DHS — have to be thought of when analyzing the applications she helped choose and execute.
ARPA-H’s REACT program, for instance, is presently growing two chips that might be surgically implanted into sufferers throughout surgical procedure that might “interface with a easy software program platform or app that permits customers to trace their situation instantly.” One chip would act as a “Residing Sentinel” that might mine sufferers for information to trace “key bio markers” so as to establish “markers for illness.” The opposite chip would act as a “Residing Pharmacy” to ship “therapeutic molecules” to sufferers on demand — leaving drugs consumption, and presumably medical recommendation concerning medicine, as much as AI expertise. The REACT program supervisor beforehand labored at DARPA in the identical place throughout the Organic Applied sciences Workplace. Earlier than DARPA, he was on the U.S. Naval Analysis Laboratory working as the pinnacle of “floor nanoscience and sensor expertise.”
To pursue this challenge, ARPA-H awarded tens of millions of {dollars} to completely different “groups” at completely different establishments every targeted on growing particular components of the therapy expertise. The establishments awarded contracts have been the Mayo Clinic, Carnegie Mellon College and Columbia College.
Notably, Carnegie Mellon College was established by the metal tycoon Andrew Carnegie in 1900 — the identical man that was the pinnacle of the Carnegie Institute of Washington which Charles Davenport persuaded to ascertain his Eugenics Data Workplace on the Chilly Spring Harbor Laboratory.18 To work on REACT, Carnegie Mellon College introduced in by way of a subcontract an exterior firm to assist their analysis effort; Ginkgo Bioworks, a accomplice of the World Financial Discussion board that’s primarily funded by way of an funding agency managed by Invoice Gates. Contemplating Monarez’s position in fostering “robust partnerships” with outdoors collaborators at ARPA-H — in addition to Renee Wegrzyn’s, the ARPA-H Director whom Monarez labored beneath, earlier position as vp of enterprise growth at Ginkgo — it is extremely doable that Monarez performed a task in cultivating this partnership.
Certainly, REACT is just not the one partnership involving Ginkgo Bioworks and ARPA-H. Since Monarez left the company to move the CDC, the company has granted $29 million to a Ginkgo-led consortium to create “new and environment friendly biomanufacturing processes to strengthen pharmaceutical provide chains” using “wheat germ cell-free expression techniques.”
The three way partnership is aimed toward “enhancing the pace, scale, and entry to medical remedies and enhancing well being safety within the US,” echoing the rhetoric of the ARPA-H program CATALYST which seeks to speed up the time from which medicine are developed to after they’re dropped at market. That is vital to notice on this context, as regardless that this Ginkgo partnership was established after Monarez left ARPA-H to take up her position because the interim Director of the CDC, her LinkedIn states that she formed “ARPA-H’s future analysis agenda by figuring out rising developments and gaps in well being innovation.” One among these “gaps,” primarily based on this partnership and different ARPA-H initiatives, seems to be the dearth of regulatory and manufacturing infrastructure that might allow medicine to be quickly dropped at market. The procurement of a extra “accelerated” development-to-market paradigm is a serious goal of the biotechnology industrial advanced, which regularly suffers substantial losses throughout the present regulatory framework.
But this relationship between Ginkgo and ARPA-H warrants mentioning for the hyperlinks it creates to a different community deeply entrenched within the biosecurity equipment — Palantir, and extra broadly the “Thielverse.” A number of members of Ginkgo’s board of administrators are tied to Thiel’s sprawling enterprise and funding empire.
Board member Ross Fubini, for instance, based a enterprise capital agency that invested closely within the Thiel-backed AI protection contractor Anduril, based by Oculus founder and Thiel Fellow Palmer Luckey. Past this, in accordance with Forbes, Fubini has “solo invested” in as many as 15 Palantir alumni startups which “propelled [him] onto all three annual editions of the Forbes Midas Seed Listing of the world’s prime earliest-stage traders.” Rubini’s Anduril funding is “now value tens of tens of millions at Anduril’s most up-to-date valuation, sufficient paper positive aspects to return its first fund a number of instances over.”
Fubini’s induction into this community of Palantir associates continued to develop after his backing of Anduril. In 2020, Fubini invested in a “Medicare-focused” startup referred to as Chapter, and shortly after, “two of Chapter’s three greatest accomplice establishments” hopped on the fundraising practice — Peter Thiel himself, and JD Vance’s Narya Capital.
Nonetheless, Fubini’s connections to Palantir truly date again to 2006, when he launched “Palantir’s first enterprise rent to its first engineer.” That engineer was Akash Jain, “a former colleague of Fubini,” who’s now the CTO of Palantir authorities enterprise. The enterprise rent, in the meantime, was Shyam Sankar, who’s now the CTO and Govt Vice President of Palantir — and who additionally serves on the board of administrators of Ginkgo Bioworks with Fubini. At Ginkgo, Sankar is the Nominating and Company Governance Committee Chair, which means Sankar performs a major position in deciding on who’s on the board. Sankar’s affect seems prevalent, as Fubini and him should not the one Thielverse associates at Ginkgo.
One other board member is Christian Henry, who was beforehand the COO and CFO of the biotechnology firm Illumina. Although Henry is not a part of Illumina governance, he’s nonetheless a main shareholder of the corporate. Lately, Illumina partnered with DNA take a look at firm Nucleus Genomics which is presently “realizing the dream set into movement way back by The Human Genome Mission” with its utility that “harnesses the facility of whole-genome sequencing.” Two years earlier than this team-up, Nucleus raised $14 million in funding from a bunch of traders that included Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund.
And eventually, there may be Sri Kosuri on Ginkgo’s board of administrators, who’s the CEO of the fin-tech firm Octane — which has been financed to the tune of $50 million by Peter Thiel’s Epstein-funded Valar Ventures.
But ARPA-H additionally boasts extra direct ties to Palantir, as Palantir runs the company’s core information infrastructure, enabling ARPA-H to “quickly gather, synthesize, analyze, and make choices from a variety of knowledge sources…” This closeness to Palantir –– an organization constructed on the follow of constructing the retrieval and evaluation of knowledge from disparate sources seamless –– also needs to be thought of as we look at extra of ARPA-H’s initiatives, which mine bio-data beneath the pretext of well being and wellness.
One among these applications harkens again to the HSARPA tunnel-penetrating expertise that was labored on throughout Monarez’s time at DHS. But, moderately than scanning and constructing three dimensional constructs of tunnels, this ARPA-H challenge seeks to scan and assemble digital fashions of the human physique. Referred to as PSI, it goals to create detailed imaging expertise able to producing photos of “hard-to-see nerves, blood vessels, and different buildings, even when they’re buried beneath different tissue” so as to present 3D visualization of “vital anatomy” throughout surgical procedure.
The ARPA-H program INDEX, in the meantime, focuses on how photos generated by imaging expertise (similar to that which PSI goals to create) might be saved and harnessed for later use. INDEX relies on the premise that AI and machine studying algorithms presently lack the imaging information required to sufficiently practice their fashions. This apparently leaves big medical potential untapped, as this system claims that these algorithms “may also help radiologists and pathologists make sooner and higher diagnostic choices.”
INDEX offers an answer to this drawback. It goals to create a large, simply accessible financial institution of imaging information that hyperlinks “information suppliers, information customers and repair suppliers with top quality photos” to allow “AI instrument growth for pathology and radiology.” The vary of knowledge it seeks to supply will likely be huge, as this system goals to “improve the quantity, kind, and high quality of photos obtainable for machine studying fashions, in addition to enhance geographic, racial, and ethnic variety of photos.”
Curiously, ARPA-H acknowledges the regulatory hurdles of accumulating this sprawling dataset, and is already collaborating with the U.S. Meals and Drug Administration (FDA) to “cut back limitations in acquiring information wanted for INDEX.” It’s possible that Monarez labored instantly on diminishing these regulatory obstacles limiting this system’s aspirations of unfettered information entry. In line with her LinkedIn, at ARPA-H she offered “strategic steering on regulatory and go-to-market issues, working carefully with FDA, CMS, exterior traders and different stakeholders.”
Simply as ARPA-H’s dual-use nature locations the helpful and handy points of this system’s biotechnology growth into a bigger context, INDEX locations applications similar to PSI right into a broader one as nicely. Whereas enhanced imaging information may presumably have instant optimistic results throughout surgical operations, applications similar to INDEX elevate vital questions; will these photos be saved in databases? Will they be utilized later, and by whom, and for what functions?
Only in the near past, the huge Heart for Medicaid Companies (CMS) database with info on greater than 140 million People was handed over to ICE, the Palantir-powered deportation authorities. ICE is presently establishing a grasp database, reportedly with Palantir, to gather information from a myriad of sources to hold out their deportations. Amongst different companies such because the IRS, this “grasp database” may also pull info from HHS — the guardian company of ARPA-H, and the CDC. So, extra particularly; will information from applications like INDEX be utilized for functions past public well being?
Nearly all of ARPA-H’s catalogue of applications raises the identical query. From PARADIGM, a challenge that seeks to make use of affected person location information collected through satellite tv for pc to construct a de facto moveable hospital system, to OCULAB, which goals to harness wearables to continuously scan affected person “biomarkers,” particularly within the tearduct, to foretell illness earlier than onset, to PRINT, which seeks to make the most of a large database of genetic info to print very important organs for sufferers, to RAPID and POSEIDON, which plan to broaden at-home COVID-19-style diagnostic testing to different situations similar to most cancers — all of those applications, past their direct medical potential, pursue modern strategies of biodata assortment.
POSEIDON seeks to combine at-home most cancers screenings “securely with digital well being information.” RAPID’s pursuit of AI expertise able to detecting uncommon illnesses at dwelling prioritizes “information interoperability and integration into present medical workflows” so as to guarantee “scalability throughout healthcare organizations.” To be able to allow this AI expertise to make its diagnoses, it “goals to combine information from a fragmented panorama” so as to assemble “the biggest curated dataset of…uncommon illness affected person information…” The very premise of PRINT, which plans to make the most of a biodata financial institution to print organs, would inherently require an unlimited quantity of detailed genetic information to attain its objective. Will the biomarkers that the wearables in OCULAB scan for even be used to coach the AI-diagnostic instruments it depends on? It’s onerous to think about a state of affairs wherein it might not.
This query of knowledge privateness turns into all of the extra vital when contextualizing all of those applications within the background of ARPA-H’s BDF Toolbox — a challenge that seeks the unification of disparate well being datasets, making huge quantities of knowledge available by making it interoperable.
This system web page remarks that each one the analysis well being datasets unfold out across the medical subject “could possibly be a lot extra helpful when pooled collectively…” But, privateness restrictions and dated expertise that use “completely different platforms to retailer completely different datasets” make this objective troublesome. The BDF Toolbox goals to unravel this drawback by making “it simpler to attach biomedical analysis information from hundreds of sources and overcome limitations brought on by incompatible information dialects” by way of strategies similar to “decrease[ing] limitations to high-fidelity well timed information assortment in computer-readable types” and “enhancing stakeholder entry whereas sustaining privateness and safety measures.” How this system will “decrease limitations” to acquiring and gathering this information whereas on the similar time “sustaining privateness” measures is just not specified.
The Toolbox additionally seeks to make this information integrable, presumably into each analysis and possibly even authorities coverage, as this system web page states that the technological improvements it plans to make will “cut back the time wanted to combine new information sources, and enhance information usability by group members throughout disciplines and biomedical literacy ranges.” Moreover, the evaluation and integration of this information will likely be performed not solely by people however by AI algorithms, and fed into machine studying applications. Whether or not by human or AI, the Toolbox permits the harnessing of knowledge from “hundreds of labs, hospitals, and facilities…”
The idea of the BDF Toolbox — making a single location for huge quantities of knowledge to be saved — is just not a brand new one. It harkens again to Charles Davenport’s Eugenics Data Workplace and to the George W. Bush-era pre-crime Complete Data Consciousness program that sought to funnel big quantities of knowledge right into a single, “ultra-large-scale’ database.” Most not too long ago, this kind of effort might be seen within the previously Elon Musk-led Division of Authorities Effectivity (DOGE) goal to assemble a “mega-API” that may entry big swaths of knowledge by making “software program techniques speak to 1 one other.” This DOGE effort is finishing up an govt order from President Trump to “eradicate info siloes.” Importantly, the corporate that the Trump administration turned to to construct out this mass surveillance infrastructure was Palantir — the identical firm that runs ARPA-H’s core information infrastructure.
These partnerships, in addition to the concurrently occurring efforts to broaden information sharing, solid severe doubt on ARPA-H’s claimed dedication to privateness rights. Moreover, Monarez’s important position within the growth of those applications, contextualized together with her layered historical past throughout the biosecurity equipment, means that she is going to take the CDC — which is presently already constructing out a large biosurveillance program with Palantir — even additional into the shadowy world of surveillance and militarized science.
Paving the Method To Technocracy
Courting again a minimum of to Monarez’s time in her postdoctoral analysis program at Stanford Biology, steady proximity to suspect moneyed pursuits and intelligence-linked scientists have lengthy primed the CDC Director for a profession on the intersection of conventional scientific academia and the navy industrial advanced.
The person that chaired her division, Mark M. Davis, was related to veterans of genetic science who shared regarding ties to the eugenics motion of the twentieth century and the nationwide safety state’s co-optation of academia. Davis staffed Monarez’s division with likeminded figures, two of whom share conspicuous ties to the biosecurity equipment and U.S. intelligence companies. She began her public sector profession at BARDA within the aftermath of the anthrax assaults, an company that was the brainchild of biosecurity veterans of the trendy age like Robert Kadlec and William Patrick III.
That Monarez started her tenure in authorities at BARDA, finishing up the coverage goals of biosecurity hawks, demonstrates that her profession was not solely near this community, however a byproduct of its concepts and the paranoid, fear-mongered local weather which it rose to prominence in. Whereas on a extra technical stage, Monarez is a basic organizational bureaucrat, seasoned with expertise dealing with big authorities expenditures throughout a number of companies, it’s the targets of these funds, and the affect of these targets, that in the end clue us in to who she is beneath this spectacular floor.
In a latest interview discussing ARPA-H, Monarez pressured the significance of well being and wellness whereas sporting trendy glasses and artisanal jewellery on her slender body. But this outward look obfuscates her direct expertise working at DHS, working with Randall Larsen-colleague and Darkish Winter writer Tara O’Toole, and her directing funds in the direction of invasive counterterrorism and border safety surveillance expertise — from tunnel-penetrating thermal scanners to the sprawling Biowatch biosurveillance program and dystopian “malintent” detectors.
In her first place in authorities at BARDA, she directed plans to fund Ebola analysis, which possible led all the way in which to the VHFC lab in Sierra Leone which the virus could have leaked from, killing hundreds. Then, years later, as a part of the White Home Ebola Activity Pressure, she helped finance the possible medical options of the outbreak, “evaluating investments in Ebola-related prescription drugs and diagnostics,” subsidizing Large Pharma firms to the tune of billions of {dollars} in Bioshield funds. This Ebola saga that Monarez discovered herself in demonstrates that she is comfy, and proficient at, a significant a part of the biosecurity equipment; the cyclical financing which probably creates issues (lab leaks), wreaking havoc and dying upon hundreds, adopted by the financing of their medical responses, enriching Large Pharma and their traders.
At ARPA-H, her expertise as a director of big budgets and procurer of blatantly invasive surveillance expertise got here collectively, and he or she oversaw a program record of tech straight out a dystopian sci-fi movie. But maybe probably the most very important program ARPA-H has pursued is the BDF Toolbox — an effort to allow mass surveillance by way of enabling the mass sharing of disparate datasets. This, mixed with the partnership that ARPA-H has developed with the pre-crime surveillance firm Palantir, encapsulates the true nature of Monarez’s position within the political sphere.
All of this makes it all of the extra curious why RFK Jr. — a person who rose to stardom within the final six years as a consequence of his opposition of COVID-era biosecurity measures — “handpicked” Monarez for the job. Whereas we in the end should wait to see what Monarez does earlier than drawing any conclusions about whether or not or not she is going to perform the general public well being overhaul that RFK Jr. rode to political prominence on, her previous foreshadows an unlucky future for anybody involved with the safety state’s weaponization of public well being.
Thus far, nevertheless, plainly nearly nobody within the mainstream media or political sphere have questioned Monarez’s time lurking within the darkness of the biosecurity equipment. It seems that like her colleague Jim O’Neill –– the Thiel-associate who was not too long ago sworn in as Deputy Secretary of HHS –– the regarding points of her previous have been quietly swept beneath the rug or ignored from all ends of the political spectrum. This has led us to at this time; Monarez is now the director of the CDC, sworn in with out commotion or a lot vital evaluation. Consequently, the American public has been left at the hours of darkness in terms of her background and what it entails for the longer term.
If the longer term is as blatant because it seems, Monarez will solely broaden the technocratic transformation of healthcare that a long time of particular pursuits have paved the way in which for from her new influential submit. With Silicon Valley arguably extra intertwined with authorities than it’s ever been, and Trump seemingly dedicated to the digitization of healthcare, she will likely be well-equipped to take action.
Endnotes
1 “Stanford Bulletin Archive.” Archived Bulletins | Stanford College. Accessed August 13, 2025. https://archived-bulletin.stanford.edu/. To view the workers throughout Monarez’s time at Stanford, click on on Stanford Bulletin 2003-04, Stanford Bulletin 2004-05, and Stanford Bulletin 2005-06. From there, click on on “Faculty of Drugs” beneath “Faculties, Departments, and Interdisciplinary Applications,” after which on Microbiology and Immunology.
2 Galton, David. “Introduction.” Essay. In Eugenics: The Way forward for Human Life within the twenty first Century, xvii–xx. Abacus, 2002.
3 Corbett, James. “They Don’t Need Your Genes Within the Pool .” Essay. In Reportage , 75-75. Atlanta, Georgia : Diversified Graphics LLC, 2025.
4 “II. A Plan For Additional Work .” Essay. In Eugenics, The Science of Human Enchancment By Higher Breeding, 30–30. Henry Holt and Firm , 1910.
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6 Corbett, James. “They Don’t Need Your Genes Within the Pool .” Essay. In Reportage , 78–79. Atlanta, Georgia : Diversified Graphics LLC, 2025.
7 Schenk, F, and A S Parkes. “The Actions of the Eugenics Society.” , 154-154. The Eugenics evaluation, September 1968.
8 Huxley, Julian. “The Precept of Equality and Reality of Inequality.” Essay. In UNESCO Its Objective and Its Philosophy, 21–21. London , Englad: The Frederick Printing Co., Ltd. , 1947.
9 Schneider, Barry R., and Lawrence E. Grinter. “Suggestions for the Future .” Essay. In Battlefield of the Future: twenty first Century Warfare Points, 242–242. Maxwell Air Pressure Base, Alabama : Air College Press, 1998.
10 Schneider, Barry R., and Lawrence E. Grinter. “Illustrative Situations .” Essay. In Battlefield of the Future: twenty first Century Warfare Points, 260–263. Maxwell Air Pressure Base, Alabama : Air College Press, 1998.
11Nana, Constantine. “The Ebola Outbreak in West Africa .” Essay. In The Ebola Outbreak in West Africa: Why?, Chapter 2: The Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium. Archway Publishing, n.d. .
12 “Two Medication Scale back Danger of Demise from Ebola.” Nationwide Institutes of Well being, December 10, 2019. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/two-drugs-reduce-risk-death-Ebola.
13 Gillham, Nicholas Wright. “Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Pedigree.” Essay. In A Lifetime of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Delivery of Eugenics, 336–336. New York , New York : Oxford College Press, Inc. , 2001.
14 “HOPE.” Wellcome Leap: Unconventional Initiatives. Funded at Scale. https://wellcomeleap.org/hope/. The HOPE program web page boasts, “Success within the HOPE program would give researchers the power to run pre-clinical trials on consultant human organs and techniques within the lab moderately than on animals, which would cut back the attrition fee and in flip, lower the price of new medicine.”
15 Levine, Yasha. “Chapter 6: Surveillance Inc.” Essay. In Surveillance Valley: The Secret Navy Historical past of the Web , 181–82. London, United Kingdom: Icon Books Ltd, 2019.
16 African Methods for Well being. “USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EBOLA RESPONSE IN WEST AFRICA .” USAID , November 2014. https://www.msh.org/websites/msh.org/recordsdata/technology_and_Ebola_response_in_west_africa_technical_brief_final.pdf.
17 “FY 2011 Price range in Temporary.” DHS.gov. Accessed August 3, 2025, (p. 134-134). https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/property/budget_bib_fy2011.pdf.
18 Allen, Garland E. “The Eugenics Document Workplace at Chilly Spring Harbor, 1910-1940: An Essay in Institutional Historical past.” Osiris 2 (1986): 227–28. https://doi.org/10.1086/368657.
